The projects in this research area investigate the effects of different characteristics of training programs (Apprenticeships and Continuous Training) on labor markets outcomes on one side and on innovation outcomes on the other side. The projects cover initial training as well as continuous training on individual outcomes, thereby spanning different phases of the lifespan, and they cover various characteristics and types of training programs and their effects on firms and innovation. Such characteristics include the frequency of curricula updating, performance incentives for apprentices, or types, length or timing of continuous training programs.